Fig. 3
From: Desktop 3D printed anatomic models for minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass
Illustration of length measurements obtained from the 3DP model for patient 9. The LAD is obscured by the left 5th rib as it moves laterally. The MS to LAD distance was determined in the 4th (V) intercostal space (ICS), as this was pre-operatively determined to be the best approach. The measurement of 2.3 cm was on the 50% scaled 3DP model (actual doubled measurement was 4.6 cm). The measurement of the NTR distance, in this case rib 5 was 2.7 cm on the 50% scaled 3DP model (actual doubled measurement was 5.4 cm)