Table 3 Summary of clinical scenarios first aggregated from those considered usually appropriate [9,10,11,12,13,14], and second separated into ‘Basic’, ‘Intermediate’, and ‘Complex’ with respect to the 3D printing component of patient care. Within each clinical scenario, the word “complex” does not refer to 3D printing. For example, “Congenital Cardiac—ASD (Additional Complexity)” refers to the fact that 3D printing will not be appropriate for, and will not be performed for, the large majority of patients (primarily neonates and infants) who present with (are born with) an Atrial Septal Defect (ASD). However, some patients have ‘additional complexity’ related to the ASD itself, making 3D printing a relative or absolute prerequisite before corrective surgery. The 3D printing itself for this clinical scenario was considered ‘intermediate’ in the literature (see scenario #6 in the ‘Intermediate’ group)

Basic (n = 25)

 1. Olfactory Groove Meningioma: Complex

 2. Tuberculum Sella/Planum Sphenoidale Meningioma: Complex (Class II-III)

 3. Esthesioneuroblastoma: Kadish Group C

 4. Sinonasal tumors: Complex

 5. Pituitary Macroadenoma: Complex (Knosp 3–4 or Hardy 4, D-E)

 6. Craniopharyngioma: Adamantinomatous

 7. Craniopharyngioma: Papillary

 8. Sphenoid Wing Meningiomas: Complex or Group II, Cavernous Sinus involvement

 9. Cerebellopontine Angle: Vestibular Schwannoma: Complex (Koos Grade III—IV)

 10. Petroclival Meningioma

 11. Myeloma/Plasmacytoma: Complex

 12. Fibrous Dysplasia: Complex

 13. Hemangioma: Complex

 14. Complex Aneurysms: Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm

 15. Complex Aneurysms: Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

 16. Complex Aneurysms: Visceral Aneurysm/Pseudoaneurysm

 17. Complex Acetabular Fracture

 18. Fracture Malunion

 19. Hip Dysplasia

 20. Urolithiasis, Surgical Management

 21. Coronary Artery Disease—bypass grafting with minimally invasive approach

 22. Myocardial Infarction – pseudoaneurysm repair surgical planning

 23. Cardiac Transplant

 24. LVAD, pediatric with sizing considerations

 25. Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion, Complex or redo

Intermediate (n = 18)

 1. Malignant breast lesions, Complex

 2. Breast reconstruction

 3. Post Infarct VSD

 4. Cardiac Tumors

 5. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

 6. Congenital Cardiac—ASD (Additional Complexity)

 7. Chondrosarcoma

 8. Foramen Magnum Meningioma: Complex

 9. Meningiomas not related to Skull Base: Complex

 10. Craniosynostosis Simple Single Suture: Open Repair

 11. Craniosynostosis Simple Single Suture: Endoscopic Repair

 12. Craniosynostosis Complex Multiple Suture: Open Repair

 13. Craniosynostosis Complex Syndromic

 14. Congenital Vascular Malformation

 15. Scoliosis, Secondary to Congenital Vertebral Anomaly

 16. Renal Cancer (Including Malignant Cystic Neoplasms)

 17. Prostate Cancer, planning for minimally invasive surgery

 18. Pediatric Retroperitoneal Genitourinary Tumors

Complex (n = 19)

 1. VSD—Additional Complexity

 2. Atrioventricular Canal Unbalanced

 3. Interrupted Aortic Arch with LVOT obstruction

 4. Truncus Arteriosus

 5. Major Aortopulmonary Collateral Arteries

 6. Heterotaxy, Cardiac Anomaly

 7. D-TGA with Pulmonary Stenosis

 8. Double Outlet Right Ventricle

 9. Atrioventricular and/or Ventriculoarterial Discordance (excluding Single Ventricle, TGA and DORV)

 10. Mitral Valve Repair/ Replacement – Complex, Percutaneous or Endoscopic

 11. Tricuspid Valve Repair/ Replacement – Complex, Percutaneous or Endoscopic

 12. Pulmonary Valve Repair/ Replacement – Complex, Percutaneous or Endoscopic

 13. Cerebrovascular Cerebral Aneurysms/ Arteriovenous malformations

 14. Ameloblastoma

 15. Meningioma: NOS Complex

 16. Basilar Invagination, Platybasia, Craniocervical or Craniovertebral Anomalies

 17. Osteoconductive Implant Placement

 18. Craniosynostosis Metopic Bandeau

 19. Bone/Soft Tissue Neoplasms, to include Joint & Neurovascular Involvement and osteotomy guidance