Fig. 4
From: Development and biomechanical evaluation of a 3D printed analogue of the human lumbar spine

Moment-rotation curves of the 3D printed model in F-E motion compared to similar (a) ex vivo [20, 21] and (b) in silico [21, 22] studies. (c) RMS error between the indicated models and the target response of Rao’s 2012 ex vivo study [21]. Shaded region in the 3D printed model response indicates the loading-unloading hysteresis curve of the model, and the bold line in red indicates the average response. Error bars indicate one standard deviation